# How Nuclear Power Can Address Climate Change: A UK Perspective
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Chapter 1: Understanding the Role of Nuclear Energy
Scientists and engineers globally are striving to combat climate change, with nuclear energy often viewed as a crucial component of the solution. Nuclear power plants do not emit carbon dioxide, making them potentially eco-friendly alternatives to fossil fuels like coal and gas. However, what if our nation had to implement drastic measures to limit electricity consumption? Recently, I engaged with three fellow nuclear experts to explore individual and national strategies for addressing this issue.
Each participant in our discussion had unique motivations tied to environmental preservation and community well-being. Cara, a civil engineer, emphasized the societal importance of addressing climate change, articulating that a healthy planet is vital for a thriving society. She expressed a desire to avoid a dystopian future reminiscent of the Pixar film Wall-E. Amina, who has extensive experience in nuclear safety assessment, shared her maternal concerns about ensuring green spaces for her children, as these areas provide her with much-needed relaxation. My own upbringing in the northeast of England instilled in me a deep respect for the environment, shaped by witnessing communities suffer after coal mines were closed in the 1980s. Given the severe pollution from coal-fired power stations, I believe there are cleaner energy alternatives that benefit both the environment and society.
We aim to prevent a future similar to Wall-E. Image by Mezaka via deviantart, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.
Chapter 2: Analyzing Energy Consumption Patterns
Utilizing data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), we can assess our energy usage and identify potential changes. In 2018, the UK’s electricity consumption was recorded at 4.9 MWh per person, a stark contrast to Pakistan's 0.6 MWh per person. This significant difference highlights the need to not only consider electricity sources but also evaluate our consumption and explore ways to reduce it.
Currently, the UK's energy production relies on a diverse mix including renewables, nuclear, biomass, imports, and fossil fuels, particularly gas. A proposed green industrial revolution aims to alter this energy mix by enhancing renewable energy and introducing new nuclear facilities. This energy diversification aligns with the IEA's vision for sustainable development, indicating that no single solution will suffice for our future energy needs.
Data regarding the UK's electricity generation on specific dates in March 2021 illustrates this variability. For instance, on March 8, 2021, gas-fired power plants generated approximately 50% of our electricity, while only 13% came from wind energy. Just days later, on March 13, these figures flipped, with wind contributing 46% and gas dropping to 19%. This reliance on fossil fuels during low wind periods raises questions about our energy strategy.
Section 2.1: Managing Unreliable Electricity Supply
What happens when electricity supply falters? One option is to wait for the restoration of power. Living in northern England, many of us depend on electric heating systems. In the winter, with minimal daylight and frigid temperatures, being left in darkness and cold is an unsettling prospect.
If Cara’s mobile phone is charged and cell towers remain operational, she might endure the outage with some candles. However, if her phone’s battery is low and the towers are also affected, she would seek a location with power to stay connected.
Amina suggests practical solutions, such as incorporating wood-burning stoves into homes and redesigning houses for better daylight access and insulation. As a concerned mother, her priority is ensuring her children are warm and well-fed, although she humorously notes the inconvenience of potentially living on cold baked beans.
Many countries experience unreliable electricity supplies, prompting local communities to innovate solutions. Aneeqa cited an example from Afghanistan, where mirrors focus sunlight to generate enough heat for cooking. In the future, we might even explore city-wide heating systems to enhance energy efficiency.
Section 2.2: National Strategies for Energy Security
During our conversation, the topic of a proposed deep coal mine in the UK emerged. Though intended to produce metallurgical coal for steel rather than thermal coal for power generation, the ethical implications of reverting to fossil fuels are concerning. While this might provide energy security, it raises significant questions about the connection between fossil fuels, climate change, and public health. Perhaps we should also prioritize reducing electricity demand, encouraging people to disconnect and spend more time outdoors.
If our energy supply relied solely on renewables, we would need significant advancements in battery technology to store energy for periods of low generation. Smart meters can offer insights into energy consumption patterns, aiding the design of a smart grid that balances supply and demand. However, many have faced challenges with smart meters, as evidenced by Cara's and Amina's experiences with unreliable connections.
To ensure a stable energy supply, the UK government proposed constructing new nuclear power stations decades ago. However, bureaucratic hurdles often delay progress on nuclear sites. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) present a potential solution, allowing for streamlined production and less red tape. Although each reactor generates less power than larger projects like Hinkley Point C, a fleet of these smaller reactors could collectively yield substantial energy while minimizing supply disruptions.
Section 2.3: The Necessity of Renewable Energy
Indeed, as Cara highlights, not everyone will favor the same energy sources. A financial advisor would recommend a diversified investment portfolio, and the same principle applies to energy strategies. Each low-carbon technology offers distinct advantages and disadvantages; therefore, a mixed approach can help us harness the best attributes of various energy sources.
About This Conversation
This discussion was part of the Technically Speaking podcast, which captures the unique conversations that scientists and engineers have in their labs—conversations that blend scientific insights, imaginative speculation, and often a touch of pop culture. New episodes are available biweekly on platforms like Apple, Spotify, Audible, Google, Podbean, and more.
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